Can you read and write English?

When the USCIS officer asks whether the applicant can read and write English, the answer should be honest and reflect actual ability. Reading and writing English are formally tested as part of the naturalization interview under section 312 of the Immigration and Nationality Act, which requires applicants to demonstrate an understanding of the English language, including an ability to read, write, and speak words in ordinary usage in the English language.

Three English skills are tested at the interview. The reading test requires the applicant to read aloud one of three short sentences correctly. The writing test requires the applicant to write one of three short sentences in English. The speaking test is integrated into the entire interview; the officer evaluates the applicant's ability to answer questions about the application and conduct general conversation.

The civics test (separate from the English requirement) is given orally in English in most cases. USCIS publishes a list of approximately 100 reading and writing vocabulary words that may appear on the test. The reading vocabulary list includes words like Washington, Lincoln, Constitution, vote, election, government, citizens, freedom, country, and similar civic terms. The writing vocabulary list includes similar words. Sentences for the test are short and grammatically simple, such as "Citizens can vote." or "The President lives in the White House." Applicants pass the reading test if they read one of three sentences correctly, and pass the writing test if they write one of three sentences correctly.

Officers can pause and reword sentences slightly, and minor pronunciation or spelling errors do not necessarily fail the applicant if the meaning is clear. Applicants exempt from the English requirement under the 50/20 rule (age 50+ and 20 years of permanent residence) and 55/15 rule (age 55+ and 15 years) take the civics test in their native language with an interpreter and are not required to demonstrate English ability. Applicants 65+ with 20 years of residence (65/20) take a simpler 20-question civics test in their native language. Applicants with disabilities that prevent them from learning English can request a medical waiver using Form N-648.

Applicants should practice reading and writing the vocabulary words and basic sentences before the interview. USCIS provides free study materials including word lists, study guides, and online practice tools. Applicants who feel unprepared can request a postponement or a second chance after additional study; the second test must be taken within 60 to 90 days of the first. Failing the English test on a second try results in denial of the application, although the applicant can reapply later.